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Making More Plants the Science Art and Joy of Propagation

Species of angiosperm

Asclepias tuberosa
Asclepias tuberosa 2015-07-01 3812.JPG

Conservation condition


Secure (NatureServe)

Scientific classification edit
Kingdom: Plantae
Clade: Tracheophytes
Clade: Angiosperms
Clade: Eudicots
Clade: Asterids
Order: Gentianales
Family: Apocynaceae
Genus: Asclepias
Species:

A. tuberosa

Binomial name
Asclepias tuberosa

50.
Synonyms[1]
  • Acerates decumbens Decne.
  • Asclepias decumbens L.
  • Asclepias elliptica Raf.
  • Asclepias lutea Raf. nom. illeg.
  • Asclepias revoluta Raf.
  • Asclepias rolfsii Britton ex Vail

Asclepias tuberosa , the butterfly weed, is a species of milkweed native to eastern and southwestern North America.[2] Information technology is commonly known as butterfly weed considering of the butterflies that are attracted to the plant by its color and its copious product of nectar.[three] Information technology is also a larval nutrient found of the queen and monarch butterflies, as well as the dogbane tiger moth, milkweed tussock moth, and the unexpected cycnia.[3] [4]

Because of its rough leaves, A. tuberosa is not a preferred host institute of the monarch butterfly but caterpillars can be reared on it successfully.[five] [vi] Further, it is ane of the very lowest Asclepias species in cardenolide content, making it a poor source of protection from bird predation and parasite virulence and perhaps contributing to its lack of attractiveness to egg-laying monarchs.[seven]

Description [edit]

Information technology is a perennial establish growing to 0.three–1 metre (one ft 0 in – 3 ft 3 in) alpine, with amassed orange or yellowish flowers from early summer to early autumn. The leaves are spirally arranged, lanceolate, 5–12 cm (2" to 5") long, and 2–iii cm (most 1") broad.

Some wild plants have been reported to have orangish flowers that are very ruby-red. Information technology is uncertain if this is due to soil mineral content, ecotype genetic differentiation, or both. A cultivar, "Hello Yellow", typically has more yellow flowers than ordinary examples of this found.

Distribution and habitat [edit]

This institute favors dry, sand or gravel soil, just has also been reported on stream margins. It requires full sun.

Identification [edit]

The constitute looks similar to the lanceolate milkweed (Asclepias lanceolata), but is uniquely identified by the larger number of flowers, and the hairy stems that are not milky when broken. It is most commonly found in fields with dry soil.

Propagation [edit]

Most hands propagated by seed. The master pollinators are bees and wasps, rather than butterflies.[8] Sown outdoors afterward frost, a plant volition bloom and produce seed in the third yr. It is difficult to transplant once established, equally information technology has a deep, woody taproot.[nine] [10]

Monarch Sentinel provides information on rearing monarchs and their host plants.[11] Efforts to increase monarch butterfly populations by establishing butterfly gardens and monarch migratory "waystations" crave particular attention to the target species' nutrient preferences and population cycles, as well to the conditions needed to propagate and maintain their nutrient plants.[12] For example, the seeds of A. tuberosa and another milkweeds often demand periods of cold handling (cold stratification) earlier they will germinate.[13]

To protect seeds from washing abroad during heavy rains and from seed–eating birds, 1 can embrace the seeds with a light textile or with an 0.v in (13 mm) layer of straw mulch.[14] Notwithstanding, mulch acts equally an insulator. Thicker layers of mulch can prevent seeds from germinating if they foreclose soil temperatures from rising enough when winter ends. Further, few seedlings tin can push through a thick layer of mulch.[15]

In cultivation in the greenhouse, plants can hands exist grown from seed to flowering in as piffling as three to six months.

Subspecies [edit]

  • Asclepias tuberosa subsp. interior – (Fundamental U.s.a., Ontario and Quebec[16])
  • Asclepias tuberosa subsp. rolfsii – Rolfs milkweed (Southeastern United States)
  • Asclepias tuberosa subsp. tuberosa – (Eastern United States)

Common names [edit]

Common names include butterfly weed,[17] Canada root, chieger flower,[17] chiggerflower, fluxroot, Indian paintbrush, Indian posy, orangish milkweed, orange root,[18] orange Swallow-wort, pleurisy root,[17] silky swallow-wort, tuber root, xanthous milkweed, white-root, windroot, butterfly love, butterflyweed, and butterfly milkweed.[19]

Toxicity and uses [edit]

The establish contains toxic glycosides, alkaloids and resinoids. These tin can cause weakness, seizures and corneal injuries.[20]

Native Americans and European pioneers used the boiled roots to care for diarrhea and respiratory illnesses.[21] The young seed pods were used equally food after being boiled in several changes of water.[21] The seed pod downwardly was spun and used to make candle wicks.[21]

Utilise of the plant is contraindicated in pregnancy, during lactation or with infants due to its toxins, which include resinoids and pregnanes.[22] Because monarch butterflies practice not favor it when reproducing, it is not equally suitable for utilise in butterfly gardens and monarch waysides every bit are other milkweed species.[six] [7]

Gallery [edit]

  • Entire found from the ground to the blossom

  • Immature stems during spring

  • A young leafage

  • An emerging flower head

  • Closeup of the hairy stems

  • Closeup of unopened buds

  • Bloom head

  • Closeup showing unopened, opening, and fully opened flower buds

  • Orange flowers

  • Red-striped orange flowers

  • Yellowish flowers

  • Seedpod

  • Asclepias tuberosa 004.JPG

Footnotes [edit]

  1. ^ "Asclepias tuberosa". Earth Checklist of Selected Plant Families (WCSP). Majestic Botanic Gardens, Kew – via The Constitute List.
  2. ^ (i) "Query Page". BONAP's Taxonomic Data Eye (TDC): The Biota of North America Programme: North American Vascular Flora.
    (2) Stevens, Michelle. "Institute guide for Butterfly Milkweed: Asclepias tuberosa L." (PDF). United states of america Department of Agriculture: Natural Resources Conservation Service: National Plant Data Center. Archived (PDF) from the original on July nine, 2021. Retrieved July 5, 2021.
    (3) Stritch, Larry. "Butterfly Milkweed (Asclepias tuberosa L.)". Plant of the Week. United States Department of Agriculture: Us Forest Service. Archived from the original on March 27, 2021. Retrieved July nine, 2021.
  3. ^ a b (one) Stevens, Michelle. "Plant guide for Butterfly Milkweed: Asclepias tuberosa L." (PDF). U.s.a. Department of Agronomics: Natural Resources Conservation Service: National Plant Information Eye. Archived (PDF) from the original on July 9, 2021. Retrieved July 5, 2021. Milkweed species are attractive to many insect species, including the big milkweed bug, common milkweed issues, carmine milkweed beetle, blue milkweed beetle, and bees.
    (two) Mader, Eric; Shepherd, Mathew; Vaughan, Mace; Blackness, Scott Hoffman; LeBuhn, Gretchen (2011). Alluring Native Pollinators: Protecting North America'southward Bees and Butterflies: The Xerces Order guide. North Adams, Massachusetts: Storey Publishing. p. 291. ISBN9781603427470. LCCN 2010043054. OCLC 776997073. Retrieved July 7, 2021 – via Net Archive.
  4. ^ Schillo, Rebecca (2011). Cummings, Nina (ed.). "Native Landscaping Takes Root in Chicago". In the Field. The Field Museum: xiii.
  5. ^ Pocius, Victoria Yard.; Debinski, Diane Chiliad.; Pleasants, John M.; Bidne, Keith G.; Hellmich, Richard 50. (January 8, 2018). "Monarch butterflies do not place all of their eggs in one handbasket: oviposition on ix Midwestern milkweed species". Ecosphere. Ecological Social club of America (ESA). 9 (1): 1–xiii. doi:10.1002/ecs2.2064. Retrieved July 6, 2021 – via Wiley Online Library. In our study, the least preferred milkweed species A. tuberosa (no choice; Fig. 2) and A. verticillata (pick; Fig. 3A) both have low cardenolide levels recorded in the literature (Roeske et al. 1976, Agrawal et al. 2009, 2015, Rasmann and Agrawal 2011)
  6. ^ a b Gomez, Tony. "Asclepias Tuberosa: Butterfly Weed for Monarchs and More than". Monarch Butterfly Garden. Archived from the original on Baronial 16, 2017. Retrieved September 11, 2020. Rough leaves for monarch caterpillars, not typically a heavily used host plant .
  7. ^ a b (1) "Milkweeds (by and large Asclepias spp.)". Alonso Abugattas Shares Native Plant Picks for Wildlife. Mid-Atlantic Gardener. 2016. Archived from the original on March 13, 2017. Retrieved October 17, 2020. And if you accept hot, dry weather in your yard, try Butterflyweed (A. tuberosa). .... It'southward the to the lowest degree favored by Monarch caterpillars because it has very little toxin (cardiac glycosides) in its leaves.
    (2) Abugattas, Alonzo (Jan 3, 2017). "Monarch Way Stations". Capital letter Naturalist. Archived from the original on June five, 2017. Retrieved June v, 2017 – via Blogger. (A. tuberosa) is the least favored past monarch caterpillars .... because it has very piffling toxin (cardiac glycosides) in its leaves, .... .
    (3) "Butterfly Weed: Asclepias tuberosa" (PDF). Becker County, Minnesota: Becker Soil and Water Conservation District. Archived from the original (PDF) on September eleven, 2020. Retrieved September 11, 2020. Different other milkweeds, this institute has a clear sap, and the level of toxic cardiac glycosides is consistently low (although other toxic compounds may be present). .
    (4) Mikkelsen, Lauge Hjorth; Hamoudi, Hassan; Altuntas Gül, Cigdem; Heegaard, Steffen (2017). "Corneal Toxicity Following Exposure to Asclepias tuberosa". The Open Ophthalmology Periodical. Bentham Science Publishers. 11: 1–4. doi:10.2174/1874364101711010001. PMC5362972. PMID 28400886. The latex of A. tuberosa seems to be different from other members of the Asclepias family due to the fact that even though cardenolides are normally considered present in Asclepias species, these cardenolides have non been found in A. tuberosa. Instead some unique pregnane glycosides are establish in A. tuberosa.
    (v) Warashina, Tsutomu; Noro, Tadataka (Feb 2010). "8,12;eight,20-Diepoxy-viii,14-secopregnane Glycosides from the Aerial Parts of Asclepias tuberosa". Chemic and Pharmaceutical Bulletin. Pharmaceutical Society of Japan. 58 (2): 172–179. doi:10.1248/cpb.58.172. PMID 20118575. Retrieved September 11, 2020. Though cardenolides are considered to be characteristic constituents of Asclepias spp. together with pregnane glycosides, we could discover no cardenolides in the more hydrophobic fraction of the methanol extract of the aerial parts of A. tuberosa, the same as previously.
    (6) Pocius, Victoria Thou.; Debinski, Diane 1000.; Pleasants, John M.; Bidne, Keith G.; Hellmich, Richard L. (January 8, 2018). "Monarch butterflies do not place all of their eggs in one handbasket: oviposition on nine Midwestern milkweed species". Ecosphere. Ecological Society of America (ESA). 9 (ane): 1–xiii. doi:x.1002/ecs2.2064. Retrieved July 6, 2021 – via Wiley Online Library. In our study, the least preferred milkweed species A. tuberosa (no choice; Fig. two) and A. verticillata (choice; Fig. 3A) both have low cardenolide levels recorded in the literature (Roeske et al. 1976, Agrawal et al. 2009, 2015, Rasmann and Agrawal 2011)
  8. ^ Fishbein, Thousand., and D.L. Venable. 1996. Diversity and change in the effective pollinators of Asclepias tuberosa. Ecology 77:1061-1073.
  9. ^ Loewer, Peter 'Native Perennials For the Southeast' Absurd Springs Press. Nashville, Tenn. 2005 ISBN 1-59186-121-7
  10. ^ Druse, Ken 'Making More Plants The Science, Art, and Joy of Propagation' Abrams. New York, NY. 2012 ISBN 0-517-70787-X
  11. ^ "Monarch Watch". monarchwatch.org . Retrieved September 27, 2015.
  12. ^ (1) Borders, Brianna; Lee–Mäder, Eric (2014). "Milkweed Propagation and Seed Product" (PDF). Milkweeds: A Conservation Practitioner'southward Guide: Constitute Ecology, Seed Production Methods, and Habitat Restoration Opportunities. Portland, Oregon: The Xerces Society for Invertebrate Conservation. pp. 21–95. Archived (PDF) from the original on July 4, 2021. Retrieved July 12, 2021.
    (2) Landis, Thomas D.; Dumroese, R. Kasten (2015). "Propagating Native Milkweeds for Restoring Monarch Butterfly Habitat" (PDF). International Constitute Propagators' Society, Combined Proceedings (2014). 64: 299–307. Archived (PDF) from the original on March 8, 2021. Retrieved July 11, 2021 – via U.s. Department of Agriculture: Usa Forest Service.
    (3) (one) National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine (2020). Evaluating the Suitability of Roadway Corridors for Use by Monarch Butterflies. Washington, D.C.: National Academies Printing. pp. 79–fourscore. doi:10.17226/25693. ISBN9780309481328. LCCN 2020935714. OCLC 1229163481. S2CID 218854539. National Cooperative Highway Enquiry Program (NCRHP) Research Study 942. Archived from the original on July 29, 2020. Retrieved July 8, 2021. Could roadside mowing stimulate milkweed growth and support monarch breeding? Limited enquiry in eastern North America has shown that spring or summertime mowing tin promote new growth and extend the availability of milkweed plants for monarch breeding. Mowing may stimulate growth of some milkweed species, peculiarly those that spread through rhizomes like common milkweed (A. syriaca) and showy milkweed (A. speciosa). Summer (June or July) mowing in Michigan resulted in more monarch eggs on regenerated stems than unmowed stems. .... However, more research is needed in other areas to determine the optimal timing and frequency of mowing that promotes not only milkweed only also nectar plants. It is also unknown if the benefit of additional milkweed availability in the fall outweighs the costs of the larval mortality acquired by summer mowing. The benefits are likely greater in areas that primarily have convenance monarchs in the leap and fall and where the dominant species of milkweed spread past rhizomes. Sources: Alcock et al. 2016; Baum and Mueller, 2015; Bhowick 1994; Haan and Landis 2019; Fischer et al. 2015 {{cite book}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
  13. ^ (1) Borders, Brianna; Lee–Mäder, Eric (2014). "Milkweed Propagation and Seed Product: Stratification" (PDF). Milkweeds: A Conservation Practitioner'south Guide: Plant Ecology, Seed Product Methods, and Habitat Restoration Opportunities. Portland, Oregon: The Xerces Society for Invertebrate Conservation. pp. 28–29. Archived (PDF) from the original on July four, 2021. Retrieved July 12, 2021.
    (2) Landis, Thomas D.; Dumroese, R. Kasten (2015). "Propagating Native Milkweeds for Restoring Monarch Butterfly Habitat" (PDF). International Plant Propagators' Club, Combined Proceedings (2014). 64: 302. Archived (PDF) from the original on March 8, 2021. Retrieved July 11, 2021 – via U.s.a. Department of Agriculture: United States Forest Service. Many sources of milkweed seeds crave stratification (cold, moist handling) before sowing. .... Butterfly milkweed (A. tuberosa) formation increased from 29 to 48 to 62% equally stratification duration increased from 0 to 30 to 60 days, respectively (Bir, 1986).
    (three) Higgins, Adrian (May 27, 2015). "vii milkweed varieties and where to find them". Home & Garden. The Washington Post. Archived from the original on September 26, 2020. Retrieved October 17, 2020. Seed may be stubborn to germinate and may demand a period of cold treatment. .
  14. ^ (ane) Mader, Eric; Shepherd, Mathew; Vaughan, Mace; Black, Scott Hoffman; LeBuhn, Gretchen (2011). Estabishing Pollinator Habitat from Seed: Sowing Seed. Alluring Native Pollinators: Protecting Northward America's Bees and Butterflies: The Xerces Guild guide. Northward Adams, Massachusetts: Storey Publishing. pp. 113–114. ISBN9781603427470. LCCN 2010043054. OCLC 776997073. Retrieved July seven, 2021 – via Internet Annal.
    (2) Landis, Thomas D.; Dumroese, R. Kasten (2015). "Propagating Native Milkweeds for Restoring Monarch Butterfly Habitat: Propagating Native Milkweeds: Seed Propagation" (PDF). International Plant Propagators' Society, Combined Proceedings (2014). 64: 302. Archived (PDF) from the original on March 8, 2021. Retrieved July 11, 2021 – via United States Department of Agriculture: United States Wood Service. Any of the standard seed propagation methods (Landis et al., 1999) are constructive with milkweed. Direct sowing of not-stratified seeds during the fall followed by exposure to ambience winter conditions tin can be effective, simply the seeds must be mulched and protected. Cover sown seeds with a thin mulch; inquiry has found that common milkweed seeds germinated better when planted ane to 2 cm (0.4 to 0.8 in.) deep than when at the soil surface (Jeffery and Robison, 1971).
  15. ^ Bush-Brown, James; Bush-Brown, Louise (1958). "Chapter 32: Mulches". America's garden volume . New York: Charles Scribner's Sons. p. 768. LCCN 58005738. OCLC 597041748 – via Internet Archive.
  16. ^ Species profile on VASCAN. Retrieved on February 21, 2018.
  17. ^ a b c "Asclepias tuberosa". Germplasm Resources Data Network (GRIN). Agronomical Research Service (ARS), United States Department of Agriculture (USDA). Retrieved Dec 17, 2017.
  18. ^ anonymous (2008). "Featured Native Establish: Butterfly Weed" (PDF). Wild Ones: Native Plants, Natural Landscapes. half-dozen (4). Archived from the original (PDF) on August fourteen, 2014. Retrieved June xi, 2013.
  19. ^ Dickinson, T.; Metsger, D.; Bull, J.; & Dickinson, R. (2004) ROM Field Guide to Wildflowers of Ontario. Toronto:Imperial Ontario Museum, p. 138.
  20. ^ (1) Elias, Thomas S.; Dykeman, Peter A. (2009) [1982]. Edible Wild Plants: A N American Field Guide to Over 200 Natural Foods. New York: Sterling. pp. 267–68. ISBN978-1-4027-6715-9. OCLC 244766414.
    (2) Mikkelsen, Lauge Hjorth; Hamoudi, Hassan; Altuntas Gül, Cigdem; Heegaard, Steffen (2017). "Corneal Toxicity Post-obit Exposure to Asclepias tuberosa". The Open Ophthalmology Journal. Bentham Science Publishers. eleven: one–4. doi:10.2174/1874364101711010001. PMC5362972. PMID 28400886. The latex of A. tuberosa seems to be unlike from other members of the Asclepias family unit due to the fact that even though cardenolides are commonly considered present in Asclepias species, these cardenolides have not been plant in A. tuberosa. Instead some unique pregnane glycosides are found in A. tuberosa.
    (3) Stevens, Michelle. "Establish guide for Butterfly Milkweed: Asclepias tuberosa L." (PDF). United States Department of Agriculture: Natural Resources Conservation Service: National Institute Data Center. Archived (PDF) from the original on July ix, 2021. Retrieved July v, 2021. Milkweed species, as a group, are known to comprise cardiac glycosides that are poisonous both to humans and to livestock, also every bit other substances that may account for their medicinal issue. Resinoids, glycosides, and a small corporeality of alkaloids are present in all parts of the plant. Symptoms of poisoning by the cardiac glycosides include dullness, weakness, bloating, disability to stand up or walk, high body temperature, rapid and weak pulse, difficulty animate, dilated pupils, spasms, and coma.
  21. ^ a b c "Butterfly Weed (Asclepias tuberosa)". tpwd.texas.gov . Retrieved March half-dozen, 2019.
  22. ^ (1) "Asclepias tuberosa". Native Plant Database. Lady Bird Johnson Wildflower Center, University of Texas at Austin. "Warning: POISONOUS PARTS: Roots, found sap from all parts. Not edible. Toxic only if eaten in big quantities. Symptoms include vomiting, stupor, weakness, spasms. Toxic Principle: Resinoid, cardiac glycoside" "Lady Bird Johnson Wildflower Heart - the University of Texas at Austin". Archived from the original on Feb five, 2020. Retrieved October 17, 2020. {{cite spider web}}: CS1 maint: bot: original URL status unknown (link).
    (two) Mikkelsen, Lauge Hjorth; Hamoudi, Hassan; Altuntas Gül, Cigdem; Heegaard, Steffen (2017). "Corneal Toxicity Following Exposure to Asclepias tuberosa". The Open Ophthalmology Journal. Bentham Science Publishers. 11: i–iv. doi:10.2174/1874364101711010001. PMC5362972. PMID 28400886. The latex of A. tuberosa seems to exist different from other members of the Asclepias family due to the fact that fifty-fifty though cardenolides are commonly considered present in Asclepias species, these cardenolides have not been found in A. tuberosa. Instead some unique pregnane glycosides are constitute in A. tuberosa.
    (3) Warashina, Tsutomu; Noro, Tadataka (Feb 2010). "eight,12;viii,twenty-Diepoxy-viii,xiv-secopregnane Glycosides from the Aeriform Parts of Asclepias tuberosa". Chemical and Pharmaceutical Bulletin. Pharmaceutical Order of Japan. 58 (2): 172–179. doi:ten.1248/cpb.58.172. PMID 20118575. Retrieved September 11, 2020.

References [edit]

  • Peterson, Roger Tory; Margaret McKenny (1968). A Field Guide to Wildflowers of Northeastern and North-key N America . Boston: Houghton Mifflin Company. ISBN978-0-395-18325-0.
  • Photograph of a J.J. Audubon Plate Clay-Colored Sparrow perched atop Asclepias tuberosa

External links [edit]

  • Butterfly weed brief information and pictures
  • Missouri Botanical Garden Asclepias tuberosa

rollandhamakfame89.blogspot.com

Source: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Asclepias_tuberosa